Moderate Muslims’ Views on Multicultural Education, Freedom of Expression, and Social Media Hate Speech: An Empirical Study in West Java Indonesia
Abstract
West Java Province is often assumed to be the center of radical Islam growth in Indonesia, especially since the reform era. The truth and validity of this presumption need to be proven empirically. Indeed, in this province, there are a number of hardline Islamic organizations with the members spread in almost all corners of West Java. The Wahid Foundation survey from 2010 to 2017 always put this province with the highest incidence of religious-based violence. Therefore, the study on the views of moderate Muslim leaders on freedom of expression, hate speech on social media, and the importance of multicultural education are deemed to be very necessary. The qualitative research data on 73 moderate Muslim figures in West Java was collected by direct interviews, via email, social media, telephone calls, and from their opinions in various media. The results showed that moderate Muslim leaders in West Java uphold and respect freedom of expression as one of the basic human rights, but they refuse if this right is misused to spread hate speech. They also agree with the importance of rules and law enforcement to overcome the problem of spreading hate speech, but according to them, the legal aspect is not the only approach. They view multicultural education as a long-term strategy to build a mature democratic society with high ethical standards.
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References
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Betz, H.-G. (2003). Radical Right-Wing Populism in Western Europe. London: The Macmillan Press Ltd.
Brison, S. (1998). The Autonomy Defence of Free Speech. Ethics, 17(2), 312–339.
Dean, S. R. (2017). Development and Validation of a Multicultural Consciousness Instrument. Journal of Student Affairs Research and Practice. https://doi.org/10.1080/19496591.2017.1284670
Eatwell, R. (2000). The Rebirth of the ‘Extreme Right’ in Western Europe? Parliamentary Affairs, 53, 407–425.
Erjavec, K., & Kovačič, M. P. (2012). You Don’t Understand, This is a New War! Analysis of Hate Speech in News Web Sites’ Comments. Mass Communication and Society, 15(6), 899–920. https://doi.org/10.1080/15205436.2011.619679
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Frable, D. E. S. (1997). Gender, Racial, Ethnic, Sexual, and Class Identities. Annual Review of Psychology, 48, 139–162. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.48.1.139
Gorman, M. (1996). All Different, All Equal: A Sum of Experience. Germany: Council of Europe.
Grant, C. A., & Sleeter, C. E. (1985). The Literature on Multicultural Education: Review and Analysis. Educational Review, 37(2), 97–118. https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0013191850370202
Hauptfleisch, D. C. (1993). Racist Language in Society and in Dictionaries: A Pragmatic Perspective. Lexikos, 3, 83–144.
Hopkins, W. E. (1997). Ethical Dimensions of Diversity. London: Sage.
Husin, B. R., Febriyani, M., & Sunarto. (2018). Analisis Faktor Penyebab Pelaku Melakukan Ujaran Kebencian (Hate Speech) dalam Media Sosial. Jurnal Poenale, 6(3).
Husni. (2016). The Challenges of Religious Education in Indonesia and the Future Perspectives. Religious Studies: An International Journal, 4(2). Retrieved from https://fssh-journal.org/index.php/jrs/article/view/12
HUSNI, Husni. Konsep Ihsân dalam Wacana Pendidikan Islam. TAJDID, [S.l.], v. 26, n. 1, p. 1-12, june 2019. ISSN 2621-8259. Available at:
Husni, H., & Dafik, Y. (2018). Management of Islamic Higher Education in the 4.0 Industrial Revolution. Educational Review: International Journal, 15(2). Retrieved from https://fssh-journal.org/index.php/es/article/view/52
Husni, H., & Setiawan, I. (2018). Hermeneutics Paradigm In Religious Research. Religious Studies: An International Journal, 6(2). Retrieved from https://fssh-journal.org/index.php/jrs/article/view/29
Husni, H., & Tantowie, T. (2018). Religion, Modernism and Postmodernism: Study on Jean Baudrillard’s Philosophy. Religious Studies: An International Journal, 5(2). Retrieved from https://fssh-journal.org/index.php/jrs/article/view/23
Ignazi, P. (2009). Extreme Right Parties in Western Europe. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Inglehart, R. F., & Norris, P. (2016). Trump, Brexit, and the Rise of Populism: Economic Have-Nots and Cultural Backlash. Harvard: Harvard Kennedy School.
International NGO Forum on Indonesian Development (INFID). (2019). Urgensi dan Strategi Efektif Pencegahan Ekstremisme di Indonesia. Retrieved from https://www.infid.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/Buku-Ringkasan-Urgensi-dan-Strategi-Efektif-Pencegahan-Ekstremisme-di-Indonesia-Rev2019.pdf
Kehrberg, J. E. (2007). Public Opinion on Immigration in Western Europe: Economics, Tolerance, and Exposure. Comparative European Politics, 5, 264–261.
Langton, R. (1993). Speech Acts and Unspeakable Acts. Philosophy and Public Affairs, 22(4), 293–330.
Marmo, R. (2007). Competitive Analysis Based on Social Media Mining. In M. Khosrow-Pour (Ed.), Handbook of Research on Global Enterprise Operations and Opportunities. Pennsylvania: IGI Global.
Mathew, B., Dutt, R., Goyal, P., & Mukherjee, A. (2018). Spread of Hate Speech in Online Social Media. CoRR. https://doi.org/abs/1812.01693
Matteo, B. (2017). Religion, Hate Speech and Non-Domination. Sage Journal, 17(2), 259–274. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1468796817692626
Melnick, S. L. (2004). Multiculturalism: One View from the United State of America. In M. Ben-Peretz, S. Brown, & B. Moon (Eds.), Routledge International Companion to Education. London: Routledge.
Mesa, R. M. (2016). Hate-Speech in the Romanian Online Media. Journal of Media Reseach, 9(3), 55–77.
Mill, J. S. (1865). On Liberty. Oxford: Longmans, Green, and Company.
Muldoon, R. (2016). Social Contract Theory for a Diverse World: Beyond Tolerance. London: Routledge.
Pember, D. R. (2001). Mass Media Law. New York: The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Pope, R. L., Reynolds, A. L., & Mueller, J. A. (2019). Multicultural Competence in Student Affairs: Advancing Social Justice and Inclusion. San Francisco: John Wiley & Sons.
Shaw, L. (2011). Hate Speech in Cyberspace: Bitterness without Boundaries. Notre Dame Journal of Law, Ethics and Public, 25(1), 279–304.
Svensson-McCarthy, A.-L. (1998). The International Law of Human Rights and States of Exception: With Special Reference to the Travaux Preparatoires and the Case-law of the International Monitoring Organs. London: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers.
The Wahid Foundation. (2017). Laporan Tahunan Kebebasan Beragama/Berkeyakinan di Indonesia 2017. Jakarta: The Wahid Institute.
The Wahid Institute. (2010). Laporan Tahunan Kebebasan Beragama/Berkeyakinan dan Intoleransi di Indonesia 2010. Jakarta: The Wahid Institute.
The Wahid Institute. (2011). Laporan Tahunan Kebebasan Beragama/Berkeyakinan dan Intoleransi di Indonesia 2011. Jakarta: The Wahid Institute.
The Wahid Institute. (2012). Laporan Tahunan Kebebasan Beragama/Berkeyakinan dan Intoleransi di Indonesia 2012. Jakarta: The Wahid Institute.
The Wahid Institute. (2013). Laporan Tahunan Kebebasan Beragama/Berkeyakinan dan Intoleransi di Indonesia 2013. Jakarta: The Wahid Institute.
The Wahid Institute. (2014). Laporan Tahunan Kebebasan Beragama/Berkeyakinan dan Intoleransi di Indonesia 2014. Jakarta: The Wahid Institute.
The Wahid Institute. (2015). Laporan Tahunan Kebebasan Beragama/Berkeyakinan dan Intoleransi di Indonesia 2015. Jakarta: The Wahid Institute.
The Wahid Institute. (2016). Laporan Tahunan Kebebasan Beragama/Berkeyakinan dan Intoleransi di Indonesia 2016. Jakarta: The Wahid Institute.
Thomas, R. M. (1981). Indonesia’s Cultural Pluralism and Education. Educational Research Quarterly, 6.
Weissbrodt, D. S., & de la Vega, C. (2007). No TitleInternational Human Rights Law: An Introduction. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
Wolfson, N. (1997). Hate Speech, Sex Speech, Free Speech. Westport, CT: Praeger Publishers.
Woodward, M. et al. (2014). The Islamic Defenders Front: Demonization, Violence and the State in Indonesia. Cont Islam, 8, 153–171. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11562-013-0288-1
Yaakub, M. B. (2016). A Textual Analysis for the Term ‘Wasatiyyah’ (Islamic Moderation) in Selected Quranic Verses and Prophetic Tradition. Journal of Education and Social Sciences, 5(October).
Published
2019-11-03
How to Cite
HUSNI, Husni.
Moderate Muslims’ Views on Multicultural Education, Freedom of Expression, and Social Media Hate Speech: An Empirical Study in West Java Indonesia.
Jurnal Penelitian Pendidikan Islam, [S.l.], v. 7, n. 2, p. 199-224, nov. 2019.
ISSN 2621-8275.
Available at: <https://riset-iaid.net/index.php/jppi/article/view/370>. Date accessed: 19 apr. 2024.
doi: https://doi.org/10.36667/jppi.v7i2.370.
Section
Articles
