Konsep Kepemimpinan Negara Menurut Mutakallimîn
Abstract
The concept of nation leadership on Mutakallimîn (theologians) point of view can be referred to the concept delivered by four well-known schools of theology in Islam: Khawarij, Syi’ah, Mu’tazilah, and Sunni. According to Khawarij, a nation leader recruitment is considered legitimate if it is elected openly and freely. This school of theology allows non-quraisy to be elected. The qualification encompasses power, knowledgeable, fair, modest, religious, and honest. The term (period of time) of leadership shouldn’t be limited. The role of leader (khalifah) according to this school of theology is guiding the people toward the right way based on Islamic teaching (syari’ah). The point of view above is not very much different from that of Syi’ah, another school of theology in Islam. According to Syi’ah, leadership called imamah is not only the system of nation, but also the plan of God. On Syi’ah point of view politics can not be separated from theology. According to Syi’ah a leader (imam) has to be the ancestry of Ali bin Abi Thalib. The role of leader (imam) according to this school of theology is managing the people in order that they are able to gain security and welfare. Another school of theology, Mu’tazilah has never formed a government. Mu’tazilah believes in the same right of leadership (imamah). Forming a leadership according to this school of theology is not required by Islamic teaching, but by ratio. The term of leadership is based on the people agreement. The role of leader (imam or khalifah) according to this school of theology is enforcing law, protecting people, taking care of the family, equipping the soldiers with gun, distributing ghanimah and zakat, assigning preachers to the whole country. For Sunni, another school of theology, a leader of nation is called khilafah or imam. Previously, this school of theology thought that a leader has to be the ancestry of quraisy and be based on the practice conducted by the prophet’s disciples in the early Islam. Later, Sunni applies convention (syura) and justice. According to Abu Zahra, Sunni’s political paradigm has four main principles: the importance of ancestry, oath (baiat), convention (syura), and justice. For that reason the term of leadership, according to Sunni, should be based on a convention. The role of leader (khilafah or imam) according to this school of theology is applying the four principles.Downloads
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References
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Ibn Manzhur. 1968. Lisan al-‘Arab, Vol. IX, Beirut : Dar Sadir.
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Khalaf, Abdul Wahhab. 1977. As-Siyasat asy-Syar’iyat, Al-Qahirat : Dār al-Anshar.
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al-Maududi, Abul A’la. 1978. Al-Khilafah wa al-Mulk, Kuwait : Dār Al-Qalam.
Mauzoaruddin, Amed. 1962. The Classical Muslim State, Islamic Studies.
Nasution, Harun. 1985. Islam Ditinjau Dari berbagai Aspeknya, Jilid I, Jakarta : UI Press.
al-Amidi, Saif ad-Din. 1992. Al-Imamah Min Abkar al-Afkar fi Ushul ad-Din, Cet. I , Beirut : Dār al-Kitab al-‘Arabi.
al-Amimi an-Nahfi, Abd al-Husen Ahmad. 1366 H. Al-Ghadir fi al-Kitab, wa as-Sunnah wa al-Adab, Jilid I, Teheran, Dār al-Kitab al-Islamiyah.
al-Andalusi, Ibn Hazm. t.t. Al-Fasl fi al-Milal wa Ahwa wa al-Nihal, Juz IV, Dār al-Fkir.
al-‘Asy’ari, al-Imam Abi Al-Hasan ‘Ali bin Isma’il. t.t. Al-Ibanah Usul ad-Diyanah, Idarat at-Taba’ah al-Munirah, Al-Azhar.
______. 1963. Kitab Maqalat al-Islamiyin wa ikhtilaf al-Musallim, cet II, Pakistan : Dar an-Nasyr.
al-Bahai, Muhammad. 1962. Muhadarat al-Fikr al-Islami, Misr : Jami’at al-Azhar.
al-Bahbahani, Ali al-Musawi. t.t. Nisbah al-Hidayah fi Itbat al-Wilayah, Rabbani.
al-Baghdadi, Abd al-Qahir. 1982. Al-Farqu Baina al-Firaw Wa Bayan al-Firqah an-Najiyah Minhum, Cet. V, Beirut : Dār al-Afaq al-Jadidah.
al-Damiji, ‘Abdullah bin ‘Umar bin Sulaiman. 1987. Al-Imamah al-Uzma’ ‘Inda ahl as-Sunnah wa al-Jama’ah, Cet. I, Dār Tayibah, Riyadh,
al-Gazali, Abu Hamid. 1975. Ihya ‘Ulum ad-Din, Beirut : Dār al-Fikr.
______. 1962. Al-Iqtisad fi al-I’tiqad, Mishr : Maktabat al-Jund.
______. 1961. Al-Muqiz min al-Dhalal, al-Qahirat.
______. 1961. Al-Mushthofa min ‘Ilm al-Usul, al-Qahirat.
al-Ghurabi, Ali Mushtafa. t.t. Tarikh al-Firaq al-Islamiyah, Mishr: Maktabah wa Matba’ah Muhammad ‘Ali Shabih wa auladih.
al-Iji, ‘Abd ar-Rahman bin Ahmad. t.t. Al-Mawaqif fi al-‘Ilm al-Kalam, al-Qahirat : Maktabah al-Mutanabbi.
al-Jarjani, asy-Syarif Ali bin Muhammad. t.t. Kitab at-Ta’rif, Singapura: Al-Haramain.
al-Khatib, Abd. Al-Karim. t.t. Al-Khilafah wa al-Imamah, Dar al-Ma’arif.
al-Khudari Bek. t.t. Muhammad, Imam al-Wafa fi Sirat al-Khulafa, Dār al-Fikr.
al-Khurbutuli, Ali Husni. 1976. Tarikh al-A’lam al-Islam, al-Qahirat : Dār an-Nafi’.
al-Mawardi, Abi Hasan ‘Ali ibn Muhammad ibn Abu Habib al-Basri al-Bagdadi. t.t. Al-Ahkam as-Sulthaniyat al-Wilayat ad-Diniyat, Bairut : Dar al-Fikr.
_______. 1975. Adab ad-Dunya wa ad-Din, Beirut : Dar al-Fikr.
al-Munif, Abdullah A. 1973. The Islamic Constitutional Theori. Disertasi yang tidak dipublikasikan. Universitas Virginia.
al-Muzaffar, Muhammad ar-Rida. 1989. The Faith of Shi’a Islam, Qum : Anshariyah.
al-Najjar, Amir. 1990. Al-Khawarij : ‘Aqidatan wa fikran wa falsafatan, Kairo : Dār Ma’arif.
al-Nasyar, Ali Sami. 1969. Nasy’ah al-Fikr al-Falsafi fi al-Islam, juz II, Dar al-Ma’arif, cet. IV.
asy-Syahrastani. 1934. Muhammad abd al-Karim ibn Abi Bakr Ahmad, Nihayat al-Iqdam fi ilm al-Kalam, diedit oleh Alfred Guillaume, London : Oxford University Press.
Abd al-Jabbar. 1965. Syarh al-Ushul al-Khamsah, Kairo, Maktabah Wahbah.
Abd al-Jabbar, Qadhl. 1965. Al-Mugni fi Abwab at-Tawhid wa al-Adl, Kairo, Dār al-Mishriyah.
Ahmad Fathi, Bahanśi. 1965. As-Siyasah al-Jinayah fi Asy-Syari’ah, Mishr : Maktabah Dār al-‘Urubah.
Almond, Gabriel A. & Colman, James S. 1970. The Politics of the Developing Areas, New Jersey : Princeton.
Amin, Ahmad. 1963. Dhuha al-Islam, Jilid III, al-Qahirat : Maktabat an-Nahdat al-Mishriyat.
______. 1975. Fajr al-Islam, Mishr : Maktabah an-Nahdhah.
Arnold, Thomas W. 1965. The Caliphate, London : Routledge and Kegan Paul Ltd.
______, “Khalifa” dalam M. TH. Houstma, et al. eds., First
______. 1987. Encyclopedia of Islam, Vol. IV, Leiden : E.J. Brill.
Bukhs, Khuda. 1981. Politics in Islam, Delhi : Idarah-I-Adabiyati.
Daudy, Ahmad. 1997. Kuliah Ilmu Kalam, Jakarta : Bulan Bintang.
Dewan Redaksi Ensiklopedi Islam. 1994. Ensiklopedi Islam, Jilid II, Cet. II, Jakarta : Ikhtiar Baru Van Hoeve.
Ghita, Sayyid Muhammad al-Kasyful. 1350 H. Ashl asy-Syi’ah wa Ushuluha, Najaf al-Ashraf.
Gibb, H.A.R & Kramers J.H. Ed.. 1961. Shorter Encyclopedia of Islam, Leiden : E.J. Brill.
Guillaume, Alfred. 1975. Islam, England : Penguin Books Ltd.
Hasim, Muhammad E. 1987. Kamus Istilah Islam, Bandung : Penerbit Pustaka.
Hitti, Philip K. t.t. The Arabs A Short History, Terj. Usuludin Hutagalung dan O.D.P Sihombing, Cet. III, Bandung : Sumur Bandung.
Hughes, Thomas Patrick. 1976. Dictionary of Islam, New Delhi : Oriental Books Print Corporation.
IAIN Syarif Hidayatullah. Tim Penulis. 1992. Ensiklopedi Islam Indonesia, Jakarta : Djambatan.
Ibn al-Asir. 1965. Al-Kamil fi al-Tarikh, Jilid III, Beirut : Dār as-Sadir.
Ibn Manzhur. 1968. Lisan al-‘Arab, Vol. IX, Beirut : Dar Sadir.
Ibn Manzhur, Abu al-Fadhl ad-Din Muhammad ibn Mukram. 1968. Lisan al-‘Arab, Vol. XIII, Bairut : Dar Shadir.
Ibn al-Qayim, Al-Juziyah. 1961. At-Turuqu al-Hukmiyah fi Siyasat asy-Syar’iyat, al-Qahirat : Muassasat al-‘Arabiyat li at-Thab’I wa an-Nasyr.
Ibn Rusyd. 1964. Manahij al-Adillat fi ‘Aqaid al-Millah Cet. II, Mishr : Maktabah al-Anjelu.
Ibrahim Hasan, Hasan. 1979. Tarikh al-Islam, Jilid I, al-Qahirat : Al-Maktabat an-Nahdat al-Mishriyat.
Kedutaan Besar Republik Islam Iran, Humas. t.t. Undang-undang Dasar Republik Islam Iran, Jakarta.
Khalaf, Abdul Wahhab. 1977. As-Siyasat asy-Syar’iyat, Al-Qahirat : Dār al-Anshar.
Khaldun, Abd ar-Rahman, Ibn. t.t. Muqaddimat, Dar al-Kutub al-‘Alamiyah.
Khallikan, Ibn. 1948. Wafayat Al-A’yan, Mishr : Nahdah Mishriyah.
Khan, Qomaruddin. 1973. The Political Thought of Ibn Taimiyah, Islamabad L Islamic Research Institute.
Khumaini, Ruhullah. t.t. Kasyf al-Asrar, Amman : Dar ‘Ammar li an-Nasyr wa at-Tauzi’.
Lambton, Ann K.S. 1981. State and Government in Medieval Islam, London : Oxford University Press.
Ma’luf, Lois. 1986. Al-Munjid fi al-Lugah wa al-A’lam, Bairut : Dār an-Masyriq.
al-Maududi, Abul A’la. 1978. Al-Khilafah wa al-Mulk, Kuwait : Dār Al-Qalam.
Mauzoaruddin, Amed. 1962. The Classical Muslim State, Islamic Studies.
Nasution, Harun. 1985. Islam Ditinjau Dari berbagai Aspeknya, Jilid I, Jakarta : UI Press.
Published
2017-01-21
How to Cite
SUEB, Musa.
Konsep Kepemimpinan Negara Menurut Mutakallimîn.
TAJDID, [S.l.], v. 23, n. 2, jan. 2017.
ISSN 2621-8259.
Available at: <https://riset-iaid.net/index.php/tajdid/article/view/32>. Date accessed: 24 apr. 2026.
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