Doktrin Predestinasi dan Determinisme: Antara Muktazilah dan Asy’ariyah
The Doctrine of Predestination and Determinism: Between Muktazilah and Asy'ariyah
Abstract
In classical Islamic thought, ‘divine predestination’ (qada’ wa’l-qadar) versus ‘human free will’ (ikhtiyar) is one of the most hotly contested topics. This article critically analyses the contribution made to this discourse by the two prominent schools of Islamic theology, the Asharites and the Mu’tazilites, by focusing on a topic that is crucial to the philosophy and theology of theology. This article seeks to properly understand Islamic intellectual history and culture by arguing that the treatment of the two schools of Islamic theology on the issue of qada’ wa’l-qadar and ikhtiyar is innovative, influential, and fundamentally more complex than previously acknowledged. On the subject of free will versus fate, the study’s findings indicate that the Mu’tazilah and Ash’ariyah have made compromises between philosophical, theological (kalam), and esoteric (sûfi) perspectives. Given that the subject matter and methodology of kalam, falsafah, and tasawwûf are frequently considered to be very different or even contradictory, this attitude of accommodation is plainly exceptional.
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References
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Shah, M. (2007). Trajectories in the Development of Islamic Theological Thought: The Synthesis of Kalām. Religion Compass, 1(1), 430–54.
Shihadeh. (2007). Introduction’ in Sufism and Theology. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
Vanderjagt, & Pätzold, D. (1991). The Neoplatonic Tradition: Jewish, Christian and Islamic Themes. Cologne: Dinter.
Wisnovsky, R. (2003). Avicenna’s Metaphysics in Context. London: Gerald Duckworth.
Ziai, H. (2008). Islamic Philosophy (Falsafa). In T. Winter (Ed.), The Cambridge Companion to Classical Islamic Theology (hal. 68). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Cillis, M. De. (2014). Free Will and Predestination in Islamic Thought: Theoretical Compromises in the Works of Avicenna, al-Ghāzālī and Ibn ‘Arabī. London and New York: Routledge.
Cohen-Mor, D. (2001). A Matter of Fate: The Concept of Fate in The Arab World as Reflected in Modern Arabic Literature. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Cook, M. (1980). The Origins of Kalām. Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, 43, 32–43.
Cooperson, M. (2001). Two Abbasid Trials: Ahmad ibn Hanbal and Hunayn ibn Ishāq’, al-Qantara.
Endress, G. (1990). The Defense Of Reason: The Plea for Philosophy in the Religious Community’, Zeitschrift fuer Geschichte der Arabisch-Islamischen Wissenschaften Majallat Ta’rīkh al-’Ulūm al-’Arabiyya wa’l-Islāmiyya.
Endress, G. (2006). Reading Avicenna in the Madrasa: Intellectual Genealogies and Chains of Transmission of Philosophy and the Sciences in the Islamic East. In J. E. Montgomery (Ed.), Arabic Theology and Philosophy: From the Many to the One. Essays in Celebration of Richard M (hal. 379). Leuven: Frank.
Ess, J. (1973). The Beginnings of Islamic Theology. In The Cultural Context of Medieval Learning, Proceedings of the First International Colloquium on Philosophy, Science, and Theology in the Middle Ages. Dordrecht, Boston: Reidel.
Ess, J. (1999). Sufism and Its Opponents’. In F. D. Jong & B. Radtke (Ed.), Islamic Mysticism Contested: Thirteen Centuries of Controversies and Polemics (hal. 26–9). Leiden: Brill.
Fodor, G. (1996). Some Aspects of the Qadar Controversy’, The Arabist, Budapest Studies in Arabic.
Frank, M. F. (1984). Bodies and Atoms: The Ash’arite Analysis. In M. E. Marmura (Ed.), Islamic Theology and Philosophy (hal. 39–53). Albany, NY: State University of New York Press.
Frank, R. M. (1992). The Science of Kalām. Arabic Sciences and Philosophy, 2(1), 370–376.
Frank, R. M., & Gutas, D. (1988). The Science of Kalām. In Avicenna and the Aristotelian Tradition (hal. 14–6). Leyden and New York: Brill.
Goodman, L. E. (1992). Avicenna. London and New York: Routledge.
Griffel. (2009). al-Ghazālī’s Philosophical Theology. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Gutas, D. (2006). Intellect without Limit: The Absence of Mysticism in Avicenna. Brepols: Société Internationale pour l’Étude de la Philosophie Médiévale.
Ivry, A. (1974). Al-Kindī and the Mu’tazilah: A Reevaluation’, in Al-Kindi’s Metaphysics. Alban, NY: State University of New York Press.
Karamustafa, A. T. (2007). Sufīsm: The Formative Period. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Leaman, O. (1999). A Brief Introduction to Islamic Philosophy. Cambridge: Polity Press in association with Blackwell Publishers Ltd.
Leaman, O. (2008). The Developed Kalām Tradition (part I). In T. Winter (Ed.), The Cambridge Companion to Classical Islamic Theology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Makdisi, G. (1962). Ash’arī and the Ash’arites in Islamic Religious History I: The Ash’arite Movement and Muslim Orthodoxy. Studia Islamica, 17(1), 49.
Mayer, T. (2008). Theology and Sufism. In T. Winter (Ed.), The Cambridge Companion to Classical Islamic Theology (hal. 258–87). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Melchert, C. (1997). The Adversaries of Ahmad Ibn Hanbal. Arabica, 44.
Morris, J. W. (1986). Ibn ‘Arabi and His Interpreters. Journal of the American Oriental Society, 106(2), 540–544.
Murad, H. Q. (1991). Jabr and Qadar in Early Islam: A Reappraisal of Their Political and Religious Implications’. In W. Hallaq & D. Little (Ed.), Islamic Studies Presented to Charles J (hal. 117–32). Adams, Leiden: Brill.
Netton, I. R. (2002). Muslim Neoplatonists: An Introduction to the Thought of the Brethren of Purity (Ikhwān al-Safā). London: Routledge Curzon.
Ritter, A. (2018). Collaboration and Interdisciplinarity: The driving Force of Industry 4.0. ZWF Zeitschrift fuer Wirtschaftlichen Fabrikbetrieb, 113(3), 170–172. https://doi.org/10.3139/104.111884
Shah, M. (2007). Trajectories in the Development of Islamic Theological Thought: The Synthesis of Kalām. Religion Compass, 1(1), 430–54.
Shihadeh. (2007). Introduction’ in Sufism and Theology. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
Vanderjagt, & Pätzold, D. (1991). The Neoplatonic Tradition: Jewish, Christian and Islamic Themes. Cologne: Dinter.
Wisnovsky, R. (2003). Avicenna’s Metaphysics in Context. London: Gerald Duckworth.
Ziai, H. (2008). Islamic Philosophy (Falsafa). In T. Winter (Ed.), The Cambridge Companion to Classical Islamic Theology (hal. 68). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Published
2023-03-25
How to Cite
MANSHUR, Fadlil Munawwar; HERLINA, N. Hani; ATOILLAH, Ahmad Nabil.
Doktrin Predestinasi dan Determinisme: Antara Muktazilah dan Asy’ariyah.
TAJDID, [S.l.], v. 29, n. 2, p. 167-188, mar. 2023.
ISSN 2621-8259.
Available at: <https://riset-iaid.net/index.php/tajdid/article/view/501>. Date accessed: 20 apr. 2026.
doi: https://doi.org/10.36667/tajdid.v29i2.501.
Section
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