Philosophy of Islamic Constitutional Law: Shiite School Perspective
Abstract
The objective of this work is to expound upon Shiite philosophy and constitutional theory by drawing upon the views and ideology of Imam Khomeini. In addition, this research endeavours to compare the constitutional ideas of Shiite and Sunni factions. This study employs the methodology of literature review. Several primary and secondary sources pertaining to the research objectives were thoroughly reviewed, analysed, and compared. The study's findings indicate that within Shiite ideology, the power and control over authority are exclusively attributed to God. Allah is the ultimate arbiter of all natural phenomena and every entity within it. God possesses supreme authority, possesses dominion, and bestows legislation. According to this philosophical understanding of existence, it is necessary for human civilization to be guided by a leadership that is of divine nature. In Shi'a thought, Muhammad's role as a prophet and messenger of Allah entails not only the responsibility of communicating divine law (al-qanūn al-ilāhi), but also the duty of putting that law into practice.
Downloads
References
Al-‘Askari, Sayyid Murtadha. Ma’ālim Al-Madrasatayn. Teheran: al-Muassasah al-Bi’tsah, 1405.
Al-Ghazāli, Abū Hāmid. Pembebasan Dan Kesesatan. Gresik: Bintang Putra, 1986.
Al-Ghithā, Muhammad Husayn al-Kāsyif. Ash Al-Syi’āh Wa Ushuhā. Teheran: Maktab al-Tsaqafah al-Islāmiyah, 1989.
Al-Kulyani. Al-Ushūl Min Al-Kāfi. Teheran: Dār al-Kutub al-Islāmiyah, 1954.
Al-Mudzaffar, Syekh Muhammad Ridhā. ‘Aqā’Id Al-Imāmiyah. Cairo: Maktabah al-Najāh, 1381.
Al-Nu’mani. Kitāb Al-Ghaybah. Teheran: Maktabah al-Shādiq, 1977.
Al-Thūsi, Nāshir al-Dīn. Kitāb Al-Ghaybah. Teheran: Maktabah al-Tsanawi al-Hadīts, 1966.
Cole, Juan R.I. Rival Empires of Trade and Imami Shi’ism in Eastern Arabia, 1300-1800. London: ISMES, 1987.
Enayat, Hamid. Reaksi Politik Sunni Dan Syi’ah: Pemikiran Politik Islam Modern Menghadapi Abad Ke-20. Bandung: Pustaka, 1982.
Fajri, Nurul MR. “Kontroversi Tradisionalis Dan Rasionalis Dalam Sejarah Pemikiran Fiqh Syi’ah Imamiyah.” Ulumul Qur’an 5, no. 4 (1993).
Haydar, Hamid Haji. “Filsafat Politik Imam Khomeini.” Al-Huda 2, no. 4 (2001).
Kawtharani, Farah. “Integrating Shi’a in the Modern Nation-State: Shaykh Muhammad Mahdi Shams Al-Din, Hizbullah, and Engagement in Lebanese Politics.” Middle East Journal 70, no. 3 (2016): 419–438.
Kawtharani, Farah W. Political Thought in Contemporary Shi‘a Islam : Muhammad Mahdi Shams Al-Din. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan, 2020.
Khomeini, Ayatullah Imam. Al-Hukūmah Al-Islāmiyyah. Teheran: al-Maktabah al-Islāmiyah, 1983.
———. Islamic Government. Roma: European Islamic Cultural Center, 1983.
Khomeini, Imam. “Sebuah Pandangan Tentang Pemerintahan Islam.” In Beberapa Pandangan Tentang Pemerintahan Islam, edited by Salim Azzam, 115–122. Bandung: Mizan, 1983.
Louër, Laurence, and Ethan S. Rundell. Sunnis and Shi’a : A Political History. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2020.
Momen, Moojan. An Introduction Shi’i Islam: The History and Doctrine of Twelever Shi’ism. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1982.
Motameni, Ahmad R. Iranian Philosophy of Religion and the History of Political Thought. California: University of California Press, 2014.
Mousavi, Ahmad Kazemi. The Establishment of the Position of Marja’iyyat-i Taqlīd in the Twelever-Shi’i Community. Teheran: Iranian Studies, 1985.
Mozaffari, Mehdi. Authority in Islam: From Muhammad to Khomeini. London: M.E. Sharpe, 1987.
Mufīd, Abū ‘Abd Allāh Muhammad ibn M uhammad. Al-Muqna’i. Qum, Iran: Maktabah al-Najāh, 1989.
Muthahari, Murthadha. Prinsip-Prinsip Ijtihad Antara Sunnah Dan Syi’ah. Jakarta: Pustaka Hidayah, 1985.
Newman, Andrew Joseph. “The Development and Political Significance of the Rationalis (Ushūli) and Traditionalist (Akhbāri) Schools in Imami Shi’i: History From the Third/Nineteenth to the Tenth/Sixteenth Century A.D.” University of California, 1986.
Nourani, Seyyed Mohsen. “A Short Inquiry on the Perceptions of ‘Good Governance’ in Shi’a Religious Philosophy.” Iran & the Caucasus 19, no. 2 (2015): 145–147.
Sachedina, Abdulaziz A. Kepemimpinan Dalam Islam: Perspektif Syi’ah. Edited by A.E. Priyono. Bandung: Mizan, 1991.
Shubhī, Ahmad Mahmūd. Nazhariyyah Al-Imāmah Ladā Al-Syi’ah Al-Itsnā ‘Asyriyyah. Kairo: Dār al-Ma’ārif, 1988.
Sidiqui, Kalim, and Hamid Algar. Gerbang Kebangkitan: Revolusi Islam Dan Khomeini Dalam Perbincangan. Yogyakarta: Salahudin Press, 1984.
Skocpol, Theda. “Rentier State and Shi’a Islam in the Iranian Revolution.” Theory and Society 11, no. 3 (1982): 265–283.
Tehrani, Mehdi Hadavi. Negara Ilahiah: Suara Tuhan Suara Rakyat. Jakarta: Al-Huda, 2005.
Voll, John Obert. Islam Continuity and Change in The Modern World. London: Westviem, 1982.
Zainuddin, A. Rahman, and M. Hamdan Basyar. Syi’ah Dan Politik Indonesia: Sebuah Penelitian. Bandung: Mizan, 2000.
