State Policy, Islamic Knowledge, and Academic Modernization in Malaysian Islamic Higher Education
Abstract
This article examines the transformation of Malaysian Islamic higher education within the intersecting dynamics of state policy, Islamic knowledge integration, and academic modernization. Using a qualitative library-based approach, the study analyzes scholarly literature, policy-oriented studies, and institutional discussions related to Islamic higher education governance, curriculum reform, digital transformation, and comparative educational development. The article argues that Malaysian Islamic higher education is neither merely preserving inherited religious traditions nor simply adopting secular models of modernization. Rather, it is undergoing a negotiated transformation shaped by centralized state governance, Islamic epistemology, curriculum integration, financial sustainability, digital innovation, and global academic pressures. The findings show that state policy provides coherence, legitimacy, and regulatory direction, but may also constrain academic autonomy and intellectual plurality. At the same time, the integration of naqli and aqli knowledge, Maqāṣid al-sharī‘a-based education, and the mainstreaming of Islamic knowledge offer important foundations for reform. However, these efforts require stronger faculty development, coherent curriculum design, digital capacity, and institutional flexibility. The article contributes an integrated framework for understanding how governance, epistemology, and modernization jointly shape Islamic higher education reform in Malaysia and other Muslim-majority contexts.
Downloads
Download data is not yet available.
References
Abbas, W. F., Naz’Ri Mahrin, M., & Maarop, N. (2023). Revisit The COVID-19 Pandemic As A Catalyst Towards Digital Transformation in Malaysia Higher Education Institutions. 8th International Conference on Recent Advances and Innovations in Engineering: Empowering Computing, Analytics, and Engineering Through Digital Innovation, ICRAIE 2023. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICRAIE59459.2023.10468465
Abdullah, A., Embong, A. H., Azmi, R., Mokhtar, W. K. A. W., Alias, N. D. F., Chua, N. A., Ismail, F. A., Latif, A. M. N. H., Muhamad, F. H., & Hamid, A. D. S. (2024). Integration of Tahfiz and Academic Education. Global Journal Al-Thaqafah, December 2024 Special Issue, 60–72. https://doi.org/10.7187/GJATSI122024-5
Abdullah, H., Mohd Zain, F. A., Juahir, H., Che Haron, H. I., Ismail, A., Islam, T., & Sheikh Ahmad Tajuddin, S. A. F. (2025). Developing Tahfiz Empowerment Index Based on Maqasid Shariah. International Journal of Islamic and Middle Eastern Finance and Management. https://doi.org/10.1108/IMEFM-06-2024-0317
Ahmad, S. N. S., Ismail, N. T., & al-Qudsy, S. H. S. I. (2013). Strategic Planing of Islam: The Practice Development in Higher Education in Malaysia. Global Journal Al-Thaqafah, 3(2), 107–116. https://doi.org/10.7187/GJAT472013.03.02
Aroney, N., & Neoh, J. (2026). Malaysian Federalism: Islam, State Jurisdiction, and Criminal Law. in Federalism in A Turbulent Era (pp. 136–151). https://doi.org/10.4337/9781035321582.00012
Awang, A. B., Jalil, M. S. B., Satari, H. B., & Ahmad, M. H. S. B. (2025). The Effectiveness of The Plus Tahfiz Programme in Strengthening Quran Memorisation and Its Impact on Students’ Academic Performance. AlBayan, 23(3), 426–446. https://doi.org/10.1163/22321969-12342304
Bin Md Ajis, A. F., Ahmad, R. B., Osman, S. B., & Ishak, I. B. (2020). Catalyst of Information Security in Malaysia Higher Learning Institutions. ISCAIE 2020: IEEE 10th Symposium on Computer Applications and Industrial Electronics, 176–179. https://doi.org/10.1109/ISCAIE47305.2020.9108806
Bujang, Y. R., Othman, R. M., & Musa, N. (2022). Conceptual Model of Information Technology Governance in Higher Education Institution. 2022 International Conference on Green Energy, Computing and Sustainable Technology, GECOST 2022, 410–414. https://doi.org/10.1109/GECOST55694.2022.10010673
Don, M. A. B. M., Rosli, M. R. B., Senin, M. S. B. M., Husain, M. H. E. B., Ahmad, M. F. B., Mohiddin, H. M. N. B. H., Yusof, K. S., & Kurniawan, C. S. (2025). The Waqf Models For Higher Education: Malaysia’s Experience and Challenges in Strengthening A Waqf-Based Higher Education System. Al-Risalah: Forum Kajian Hukum Dan Sosial Kemasyarakatan, 25(2), 58–73. https://doi.org/10.30631/alrisalah.v25i2.1995
Essa, M. A. E. F. I., Hassan, I., & Ramlee, M. N. A. (2020). Developing Language Proficiency For Academic Purposes: A Study of Sharia Law Students in Malaysia. International Journal of Scientific and Technology Research, 9(3), 5381–5384. https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85082716622&partnerID=40&md5=0054c599f69fcd23f934a8e3e3a291d0
Faishal, M., Ryandi, A. D., Anwar, S., Manurung, S., & Siagian, S. N. (2026). Bridging Tradition and Modernity: Comparative Study of Master’s Programs in Aqidah and Islamic Philosophy in Indonesia. Journal of Islamic Thought and Civilization, 15(2), 348–364. https://doi.org/10.32350/JITC.152.20
Hamdan, N. H., Kassim, S., Mustapha, N. D., & Seman, S. A. (2023). Structure Analysis of Islamic Microfinancing, Social Capital and ICT Usage Towards on Women Micro-Entrepreneurs’ Performance in Malaysia. in Studies in Systems, Decision and Control (Vol. 470, pp. 163–181). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-28314-7_15
Hanafi, S. (2021). From Streamlining To Mainstreaming “Islamization of Knowledge”: The Case of The International Islamic University of Malaysia. American Journal of Islam and Society, 38(1–2), 101–135. https://doi.org/10.35632/ajis.v38i1-2.1086
Hendek, A., Bin Jamil, A. İ., Zengİn, M., & Haji Othman, M. K. B. (2022). Higher Religious Education At Public Universities in Malaysia and Turkey: A Comparative Study. Cumhuriyet Ilahiyat Dergisi, 26(3), 987–1002. https://doi.org/10.18505/cuid.1079483
Hishamudin, M. Z., Kamarudin, N. S., Hadi, N. A., & Ahmad, A. (2025). Intention To Use Digital Platforms For Islamic Financial Education in Malaysia: Structural Equation Model. Journal of Advanced Research in Applied Sciences and Engineering Technology, 49(1), 298–311. https://doi.org/10.37934/araset.49.1.298311
Hosen, M. K., & Shukri, S. F. B. (2024). Strategies For Implementing Islamic Governance: Insights From Malaysia (2010–2020). Islamic Quarterly, 68(4), 507–534. https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-105019390460&partnerID=40&md5=628a4fdfba452ca91096582660fed326
Huda, M. Q., & Hussin, H. (2010). ICT Implementation Barriers and Organizational Issues in Islamic-Based Higher Education Institution: The Case of Syarif Hidayatullah State Islamic University (UIN) Jakarta. Proceeding of The 3rd International Conference on Information and Communication Technology For The Moslem World: ICT Connecting Cultures, ICT4M 2010, A18–A25. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICT4M.2010.5971877
Idris, N. R. A. B., Sirat, M., & Da Wan, C. (2019). Toward Sustainable Islamic Communities in Malaysia: The Role of Islamic-Based Higher Education Institutions (IHEIs). in Education in The Asia-Pacific Region (Vol. 49, pp. 27–40). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-6532-4_3
Ismail, A., Junaedi, M., & Hassan, Z. B. (2024). Comparison of Undergraduate Religious Education Curriculum in Indonesia and Malaysia. Nazhruna: Jurnal Pendidikan Islam, 7(2), 338–360. https://doi.org/10.31538/nzh.v7i2.4903
Ismail, M. Z., & Othman, M. K. H. (2020). Curriculum Content Evaluation Study of Bachelor of Education Program Specialization in Islamic Education With Islamic Education Philosophy. International Journal of Advanced Science and Technology, 29(6 Special Issue), 1673–1680. https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85083360679&partnerID=40&md5=4dd55504506953471e62903cc6c04ea9
Jima’ain, M. T. A., Mohamed, A. M., Hehsan, A., Saidalvi, A., Nasi, B. M., Faisal, M. S., & Awae, F. (2024). Embedding Higher Order Thinking Skills in Islamic History (Sirah) Education in Malaysia. International Journal of Evaluation and Research in Education, 13(2), 952–959. https://doi.org/10.11591/ijere.v13i2.26431
Latief, H., Robani, A., & Kamaruddin, M. F. (2021). Becoming The State-Funded Madrasah Or Retaining Autonomy: The Case of Two Madrasahs in Kelantan. Qudus International Journal of Islamic Studies, 9(1), 1–36. https://doi.org/10.21043/QIJIS.V9I1.7620
Mazlan, M., Wakil, N. A. A., Noh, M. A. C., & Riyaldi, M. H. (2025). Integrated Education Approach in Islamic Higher Education Institutions in Malaysia: Challenges and Opportunities. Global Journal Al-Thaqafah, 115–128. https://doi.org/10.7187/GJATSI102025-8
Mohd Saad, M. F., Mohamad, S., Mohd Ataa, N. S., & Amran, N. N. (2025). Enhancing Higher Order Thinking Skills (HOTs) in The Tahfiz Integrated Curriculum (KBT): A Qualitative Document Analysis. Global Journal Al-Thaqafah, 1–12. https://doi.org/10.7187/GJATSI122025-1
Mohiuddin, A., & Borham, A. H. B. (2024). Islamic Education in A Globalised World: Insights From Malaysia. Islamic Quarterly, 68(1), 1–22. https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85196404366&partnerID=40&md5=6b2128ea551a5c60cfdde1ada32a5279
Mujani, W. K., Abdullah, I., & Bakar, I. A. (2012). The Role of The Al-Azhar University in The Dissemination of Islamic Religious Knowledge in Malaysia. Advances in Natural and Applied Sciences, 1411–1414.
Mustapha, S. M., Abdullah, N., Devarajoo, K., Ibrahim, F., Suid, S. H., & Amirrudin, S. (2021). Embracing Internationalization in Gearing Malaysian Higher Education Towards Global Education. Asian Journal of University Education, 17(4), 132–147. https://doi.org/10.24191/ajue.v17i4.16224
Nugraha, E., Syarifuddin, E., Zaini, S. H., & Ansori, A. (2025). Determinants of Learning Achievement in Islamic Education: The Roles of Students’ Perceptions, Attitudes, and Classroom Management. Jurnal Pendidikan Islam, 11(2), 362–375. https://doi.org/10.15575/jpi.v11i2.48261
Rashed, Z. N., Zhaffar, N. M., Ihwani, S. S., & Iswantir, M. (2025). Driving Islamic Education in The Era of The Industrial Revolution 4.0: Challenges and Strategies. Global Journal Al-Thaqafah, 15(1), 18–33. https://doi.org/10.7187/GJAT072025-2
Rekan, A. A., Howell, H. R., Salleh, M. N. M., Rosin, N., Tabrani, Z. A., Ma`arif, M. A., & Adnan, M. A. M. (2025). Arabic Language Curriculum As A Foundation For Strengthening Religious Education in Public Higher Education. Jurnal Pendidikan Agama Islam, 22(1), 97–121. https://doi.org/10.14421/jpai.v22i1.11340
Salleh, M. S. (1999). Establishing An Islamic State: Ideals and Realities in The State of Kelantan, Malaysia. Southeast Asian Studies, 37(2), 235–256. https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0033390392&partnerID=40&md5=dec083aa6540568d68aeb0a061a9cadd
Sanusi, S., Saedon, R., Muhammad, A. D., Zaki, H. O., & Ghazali, A. W. (2025). Cash Waqf Engagement Among Malaysian Millennials: The Digitization of Generosity. International Journal of Islamic and Middle Eastern Finance and Management, 18(4), 857–875. https://doi.org/10.1108/IMEFM-03-2024-0148
Setiowati, D., & Handayani, M. (2025). Exploring Students’ Perceptions of Islamic Integration in The Clinical Nursing Education Curriculum: A Descriptive Qualitative Study. Healthcare in Low-Resource Settings, 13(s1). https://doi.org/10.4081/hls.2025.13087
Sidhu, G. K., & Kaur, S. (2011). Enhancing Global Competence in Higher Education: Malaysia’s Strategic Initiatives. in Higher Education Dynamics (Vol. 36, pp. 219–236). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-1500-4_11
Siregar, E., & Susilawati, S. (2026). Reconfiguring Sufism Education in The 21st Century: Exploring Spiritual Crossroads Among Millennials in Padang City. Miqot: Jurnal Ilmu-Ilmu Keislaman, 50(1), 235–254. https://doi.org/10.30821/miqot.v50i1.1399
Sukor, N. H. M., & Ibrahim, A. B. (2011). Moving Towards Decentralization in Malaysian Secondary School English Language Curriculum (ELC): A Theoretical Framework. International Journal of Learning, 17(10), 237–250. https://doi.org/10.18848/1447-9494/cgp/v17i10/47307
Tayeb, A. (2017). State Islamic Orthodoxies and Islamic Education in Malaysia and Indonesia. Kajian Malaysia, 35(2), 1–20. https://doi.org/10.21315/km2017.35.2.1
Tayeb, A. (2018). Islamic Education in Indonesia and Malaysia: Shaping Minds, Saving Souls. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781351116862
Tayeb, A. M., & Annuar, S. N. S. (2018). Federalism and Management of Islamic Education in Kelantan. Kajian Malaysia, 36(2), 89–111. https://doi.org/10.21315/km2018.36.2.5
Thoha, M., Syawqi, A. H., Yahaya, M. Z., Septiadi, D. D., & Hidayatulloh, M. H. (2023). Can Indonesia’s Decentralized Education Technology Governance Policy: Evidence From Muslim Countries. Bestuur, 11(2), 217–234. https://doi.org/10.20961/BESTUUR.V11I2.78320
Umar, A., Jamsari, E. A., Kasan, H., Wan Hassan, W. Z., Basir, A., & Ab. Aziz, A. (2012). The Challenges of Producing Islamic Scholars Via Al-Azhar Curriculum in Religious Schools in The Malaysian National Education System. Advances in Natural and Applied Sciences, 6(7), 1036–1043. https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84868312025&partnerID=40&md5=762a8523290a6d21fd2ef43905b8026f
Wedi, A., & Mardiana, D. (2025). Digital Transformation Model of Islamic Religious Education in The AI Era: A Case Study of Madrasah Aliyah in East Java, Indonesia. International Journal of Learning, Teaching and Educational Research, 24(8), 842–863. https://doi.org/10.26803/ijlter.24.8.37
Widodo, H. (2025). An AI-Gamification-Religiosity Learning Model To Enhance Critical Literacy in Private Islamic Universities. Islamic Quarterly, 69(1), 75–120. https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-105023486174&partnerID=40&md5=6f3c907879d07a25cd952349a861e3ec
Yasin, A. F., Susilawati, S., Supriyatno, T., Tasir, Z., Asmawati, R. I., Chakim, A., & Putri, C. A. (2025). Innovative Learning Models in Improving The Spirituality of Higher Education Students in Indonesia and Malaysia. Nazhruna: Jurnal Pendidikan Islam, 8(3), 714–731. https://doi.org/10.31538/nzh.v8i3.319
Yean, T. S. (2012). Domestic Regulations in Malaysia’s Higher Education Sector. in WTO Domestic Regulation and Services Trade: Putting Principles Into Practice (pp. 239–253). https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781107476448.019
Zahari, N. A., Nasser, S. S. Q., Mustapa, M., Dahlan, A. R. A., & Ibrahim, J. (2018). A Conceptual Digital Transformation Design For International Islamic University Malaysia To ‘University of The Future.’ Proceedings: International Conference on Information and Communication Technology For The Muslim World 2018, ICT4M 2018, 94–99. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICT4M.2018.00026
Zul, Z., Najihul Huda, M., Fuad, Z., & Abdullah, M. (2026). Integration of Islamic Ethics in Modern Education Curriculum: Challenges and Opportunities-A Systematic Literature Review. British Journal of Religious Education. https://doi.org/10.1080/01416200.2026.2621177
Abdullah, A., Embong, A. H., Azmi, R., Mokhtar, W. K. A. W., Alias, N. D. F., Chua, N. A., Ismail, F. A., Latif, A. M. N. H., Muhamad, F. H., & Hamid, A. D. S. (2024). Integration of Tahfiz and Academic Education. Global Journal Al-Thaqafah, December 2024 Special Issue, 60–72. https://doi.org/10.7187/GJATSI122024-5
Abdullah, H., Mohd Zain, F. A., Juahir, H., Che Haron, H. I., Ismail, A., Islam, T., & Sheikh Ahmad Tajuddin, S. A. F. (2025). Developing Tahfiz Empowerment Index Based on Maqasid Shariah. International Journal of Islamic and Middle Eastern Finance and Management. https://doi.org/10.1108/IMEFM-06-2024-0317
Ahmad, S. N. S., Ismail, N. T., & al-Qudsy, S. H. S. I. (2013). Strategic Planing of Islam: The Practice Development in Higher Education in Malaysia. Global Journal Al-Thaqafah, 3(2), 107–116. https://doi.org/10.7187/GJAT472013.03.02
Aroney, N., & Neoh, J. (2026). Malaysian Federalism: Islam, State Jurisdiction, and Criminal Law. in Federalism in A Turbulent Era (pp. 136–151). https://doi.org/10.4337/9781035321582.00012
Awang, A. B., Jalil, M. S. B., Satari, H. B., & Ahmad, M. H. S. B. (2025). The Effectiveness of The Plus Tahfiz Programme in Strengthening Quran Memorisation and Its Impact on Students’ Academic Performance. AlBayan, 23(3), 426–446. https://doi.org/10.1163/22321969-12342304
Bin Md Ajis, A. F., Ahmad, R. B., Osman, S. B., & Ishak, I. B. (2020). Catalyst of Information Security in Malaysia Higher Learning Institutions. ISCAIE 2020: IEEE 10th Symposium on Computer Applications and Industrial Electronics, 176–179. https://doi.org/10.1109/ISCAIE47305.2020.9108806
Bujang, Y. R., Othman, R. M., & Musa, N. (2022). Conceptual Model of Information Technology Governance in Higher Education Institution. 2022 International Conference on Green Energy, Computing and Sustainable Technology, GECOST 2022, 410–414. https://doi.org/10.1109/GECOST55694.2022.10010673
Don, M. A. B. M., Rosli, M. R. B., Senin, M. S. B. M., Husain, M. H. E. B., Ahmad, M. F. B., Mohiddin, H. M. N. B. H., Yusof, K. S., & Kurniawan, C. S. (2025). The Waqf Models For Higher Education: Malaysia’s Experience and Challenges in Strengthening A Waqf-Based Higher Education System. Al-Risalah: Forum Kajian Hukum Dan Sosial Kemasyarakatan, 25(2), 58–73. https://doi.org/10.30631/alrisalah.v25i2.1995
Essa, M. A. E. F. I., Hassan, I., & Ramlee, M. N. A. (2020). Developing Language Proficiency For Academic Purposes: A Study of Sharia Law Students in Malaysia. International Journal of Scientific and Technology Research, 9(3), 5381–5384. https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85082716622&partnerID=40&md5=0054c599f69fcd23f934a8e3e3a291d0
Faishal, M., Ryandi, A. D., Anwar, S., Manurung, S., & Siagian, S. N. (2026). Bridging Tradition and Modernity: Comparative Study of Master’s Programs in Aqidah and Islamic Philosophy in Indonesia. Journal of Islamic Thought and Civilization, 15(2), 348–364. https://doi.org/10.32350/JITC.152.20
Hamdan, N. H., Kassim, S., Mustapha, N. D., & Seman, S. A. (2023). Structure Analysis of Islamic Microfinancing, Social Capital and ICT Usage Towards on Women Micro-Entrepreneurs’ Performance in Malaysia. in Studies in Systems, Decision and Control (Vol. 470, pp. 163–181). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-28314-7_15
Hanafi, S. (2021). From Streamlining To Mainstreaming “Islamization of Knowledge”: The Case of The International Islamic University of Malaysia. American Journal of Islam and Society, 38(1–2), 101–135. https://doi.org/10.35632/ajis.v38i1-2.1086
Hendek, A., Bin Jamil, A. İ., Zengİn, M., & Haji Othman, M. K. B. (2022). Higher Religious Education At Public Universities in Malaysia and Turkey: A Comparative Study. Cumhuriyet Ilahiyat Dergisi, 26(3), 987–1002. https://doi.org/10.18505/cuid.1079483
Hishamudin, M. Z., Kamarudin, N. S., Hadi, N. A., & Ahmad, A. (2025). Intention To Use Digital Platforms For Islamic Financial Education in Malaysia: Structural Equation Model. Journal of Advanced Research in Applied Sciences and Engineering Technology, 49(1), 298–311. https://doi.org/10.37934/araset.49.1.298311
Hosen, M. K., & Shukri, S. F. B. (2024). Strategies For Implementing Islamic Governance: Insights From Malaysia (2010–2020). Islamic Quarterly, 68(4), 507–534. https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-105019390460&partnerID=40&md5=628a4fdfba452ca91096582660fed326
Huda, M. Q., & Hussin, H. (2010). ICT Implementation Barriers and Organizational Issues in Islamic-Based Higher Education Institution: The Case of Syarif Hidayatullah State Islamic University (UIN) Jakarta. Proceeding of The 3rd International Conference on Information and Communication Technology For The Moslem World: ICT Connecting Cultures, ICT4M 2010, A18–A25. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICT4M.2010.5971877
Idris, N. R. A. B., Sirat, M., & Da Wan, C. (2019). Toward Sustainable Islamic Communities in Malaysia: The Role of Islamic-Based Higher Education Institutions (IHEIs). in Education in The Asia-Pacific Region (Vol. 49, pp. 27–40). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-6532-4_3
Ismail, A., Junaedi, M., & Hassan, Z. B. (2024). Comparison of Undergraduate Religious Education Curriculum in Indonesia and Malaysia. Nazhruna: Jurnal Pendidikan Islam, 7(2), 338–360. https://doi.org/10.31538/nzh.v7i2.4903
Ismail, M. Z., & Othman, M. K. H. (2020). Curriculum Content Evaluation Study of Bachelor of Education Program Specialization in Islamic Education With Islamic Education Philosophy. International Journal of Advanced Science and Technology, 29(6 Special Issue), 1673–1680. https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85083360679&partnerID=40&md5=4dd55504506953471e62903cc6c04ea9
Jima’ain, M. T. A., Mohamed, A. M., Hehsan, A., Saidalvi, A., Nasi, B. M., Faisal, M. S., & Awae, F. (2024). Embedding Higher Order Thinking Skills in Islamic History (Sirah) Education in Malaysia. International Journal of Evaluation and Research in Education, 13(2), 952–959. https://doi.org/10.11591/ijere.v13i2.26431
Latief, H., Robani, A., & Kamaruddin, M. F. (2021). Becoming The State-Funded Madrasah Or Retaining Autonomy: The Case of Two Madrasahs in Kelantan. Qudus International Journal of Islamic Studies, 9(1), 1–36. https://doi.org/10.21043/QIJIS.V9I1.7620
Mazlan, M., Wakil, N. A. A., Noh, M. A. C., & Riyaldi, M. H. (2025). Integrated Education Approach in Islamic Higher Education Institutions in Malaysia: Challenges and Opportunities. Global Journal Al-Thaqafah, 115–128. https://doi.org/10.7187/GJATSI102025-8
Mohd Saad, M. F., Mohamad, S., Mohd Ataa, N. S., & Amran, N. N. (2025). Enhancing Higher Order Thinking Skills (HOTs) in The Tahfiz Integrated Curriculum (KBT): A Qualitative Document Analysis. Global Journal Al-Thaqafah, 1–12. https://doi.org/10.7187/GJATSI122025-1
Mohiuddin, A., & Borham, A. H. B. (2024). Islamic Education in A Globalised World: Insights From Malaysia. Islamic Quarterly, 68(1), 1–22. https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85196404366&partnerID=40&md5=6b2128ea551a5c60cfdde1ada32a5279
Mujani, W. K., Abdullah, I., & Bakar, I. A. (2012). The Role of The Al-Azhar University in The Dissemination of Islamic Religious Knowledge in Malaysia. Advances in Natural and Applied Sciences, 1411–1414.
Mustapha, S. M., Abdullah, N., Devarajoo, K., Ibrahim, F., Suid, S. H., & Amirrudin, S. (2021). Embracing Internationalization in Gearing Malaysian Higher Education Towards Global Education. Asian Journal of University Education, 17(4), 132–147. https://doi.org/10.24191/ajue.v17i4.16224
Nugraha, E., Syarifuddin, E., Zaini, S. H., & Ansori, A. (2025). Determinants of Learning Achievement in Islamic Education: The Roles of Students’ Perceptions, Attitudes, and Classroom Management. Jurnal Pendidikan Islam, 11(2), 362–375. https://doi.org/10.15575/jpi.v11i2.48261
Rashed, Z. N., Zhaffar, N. M., Ihwani, S. S., & Iswantir, M. (2025). Driving Islamic Education in The Era of The Industrial Revolution 4.0: Challenges and Strategies. Global Journal Al-Thaqafah, 15(1), 18–33. https://doi.org/10.7187/GJAT072025-2
Rekan, A. A., Howell, H. R., Salleh, M. N. M., Rosin, N., Tabrani, Z. A., Ma`arif, M. A., & Adnan, M. A. M. (2025). Arabic Language Curriculum As A Foundation For Strengthening Religious Education in Public Higher Education. Jurnal Pendidikan Agama Islam, 22(1), 97–121. https://doi.org/10.14421/jpai.v22i1.11340
Salleh, M. S. (1999). Establishing An Islamic State: Ideals and Realities in The State of Kelantan, Malaysia. Southeast Asian Studies, 37(2), 235–256. https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0033390392&partnerID=40&md5=dec083aa6540568d68aeb0a061a9cadd
Sanusi, S., Saedon, R., Muhammad, A. D., Zaki, H. O., & Ghazali, A. W. (2025). Cash Waqf Engagement Among Malaysian Millennials: The Digitization of Generosity. International Journal of Islamic and Middle Eastern Finance and Management, 18(4), 857–875. https://doi.org/10.1108/IMEFM-03-2024-0148
Setiowati, D., & Handayani, M. (2025). Exploring Students’ Perceptions of Islamic Integration in The Clinical Nursing Education Curriculum: A Descriptive Qualitative Study. Healthcare in Low-Resource Settings, 13(s1). https://doi.org/10.4081/hls.2025.13087
Sidhu, G. K., & Kaur, S. (2011). Enhancing Global Competence in Higher Education: Malaysia’s Strategic Initiatives. in Higher Education Dynamics (Vol. 36, pp. 219–236). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-1500-4_11
Siregar, E., & Susilawati, S. (2026). Reconfiguring Sufism Education in The 21st Century: Exploring Spiritual Crossroads Among Millennials in Padang City. Miqot: Jurnal Ilmu-Ilmu Keislaman, 50(1), 235–254. https://doi.org/10.30821/miqot.v50i1.1399
Sukor, N. H. M., & Ibrahim, A. B. (2011). Moving Towards Decentralization in Malaysian Secondary School English Language Curriculum (ELC): A Theoretical Framework. International Journal of Learning, 17(10), 237–250. https://doi.org/10.18848/1447-9494/cgp/v17i10/47307
Tayeb, A. (2017). State Islamic Orthodoxies and Islamic Education in Malaysia and Indonesia. Kajian Malaysia, 35(2), 1–20. https://doi.org/10.21315/km2017.35.2.1
Tayeb, A. (2018). Islamic Education in Indonesia and Malaysia: Shaping Minds, Saving Souls. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781351116862
Tayeb, A. M., & Annuar, S. N. S. (2018). Federalism and Management of Islamic Education in Kelantan. Kajian Malaysia, 36(2), 89–111. https://doi.org/10.21315/km2018.36.2.5
Thoha, M., Syawqi, A. H., Yahaya, M. Z., Septiadi, D. D., & Hidayatulloh, M. H. (2023). Can Indonesia’s Decentralized Education Technology Governance Policy: Evidence From Muslim Countries. Bestuur, 11(2), 217–234. https://doi.org/10.20961/BESTUUR.V11I2.78320
Umar, A., Jamsari, E. A., Kasan, H., Wan Hassan, W. Z., Basir, A., & Ab. Aziz, A. (2012). The Challenges of Producing Islamic Scholars Via Al-Azhar Curriculum in Religious Schools in The Malaysian National Education System. Advances in Natural and Applied Sciences, 6(7), 1036–1043. https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84868312025&partnerID=40&md5=762a8523290a6d21fd2ef43905b8026f
Wedi, A., & Mardiana, D. (2025). Digital Transformation Model of Islamic Religious Education in The AI Era: A Case Study of Madrasah Aliyah in East Java, Indonesia. International Journal of Learning, Teaching and Educational Research, 24(8), 842–863. https://doi.org/10.26803/ijlter.24.8.37
Widodo, H. (2025). An AI-Gamification-Religiosity Learning Model To Enhance Critical Literacy in Private Islamic Universities. Islamic Quarterly, 69(1), 75–120. https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-105023486174&partnerID=40&md5=6f3c907879d07a25cd952349a861e3ec
Yasin, A. F., Susilawati, S., Supriyatno, T., Tasir, Z., Asmawati, R. I., Chakim, A., & Putri, C. A. (2025). Innovative Learning Models in Improving The Spirituality of Higher Education Students in Indonesia and Malaysia. Nazhruna: Jurnal Pendidikan Islam, 8(3), 714–731. https://doi.org/10.31538/nzh.v8i3.319
Yean, T. S. (2012). Domestic Regulations in Malaysia’s Higher Education Sector. in WTO Domestic Regulation and Services Trade: Putting Principles Into Practice (pp. 239–253). https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781107476448.019
Zahari, N. A., Nasser, S. S. Q., Mustapa, M., Dahlan, A. R. A., & Ibrahim, J. (2018). A Conceptual Digital Transformation Design For International Islamic University Malaysia To ‘University of The Future.’ Proceedings: International Conference on Information and Communication Technology For The Muslim World 2018, ICT4M 2018, 94–99. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICT4M.2018.00026
Zul, Z., Najihul Huda, M., Fuad, Z., & Abdullah, M. (2026). Integration of Islamic Ethics in Modern Education Curriculum: Challenges and Opportunities-A Systematic Literature Review. British Journal of Religious Education. https://doi.org/10.1080/01416200.2026.2621177
Published
2026-06-01
How to Cite
ROSLAN, Muhammad Rayyan Hazim bin; SHAHRIL, Haziq Firdaus bin.
State Policy, Islamic Knowledge, and Academic Modernization in Malaysian Islamic Higher Education.
Jurnal Penelitian Pendidikan Islam, [S.l.], v. 14, n. 1, p. 69-87, june 2026.
ISSN 2621-8275.
Available at: <http://riset-iaid.net/index.php/jppi/article/view/2350>. Date accessed: 01 june 2026.
Section
Articles
